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Abstract
The article substantiates a landscape-geochemical approach to the typology of settlement geosystems in Chernivtsi region as territories subject to maximum anthropogenic pressure and profound transformations of natural-territorial complexes. Settlement landscapes are characterised not only by receiving intensive anthropogenic impacts but also by actively transforming the surrounding natural environment across extensive areas. The study analyses existing typological approaches to the classification of settlement geosystems -demographic, functional, economic-geographical, and genetic -and proposes supplementing them with landscape-geochemical typology that accounts for interrelationships between natural components, geochemical properties of landscapes, and patterns of chemical element migration. Within the region, five types of landscape-geochemical systems are identified (forest-steppe, meadow-steppe, forest-meadow, meadow, and mountain coniferous-broadleaf and coniferous), together with eleven subtypes corresponding to distinct physiographic districts of Bukovyna and the Carpathians. Classes of systems are determined by the water migration of typomorphic elements -Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, Fe²⁺, H⁺ -in the soil horizon; seven principal classes are distinguished, ranging from strongly acid to carbonate and gypsum. Genera of landscape-geochemical systems are differentiated on the basis of water-exchange intensity and hypsometric position, yielding eluvial (autonomous), superaqual, and subaqual forms alongside transitional varieties. The smallest taxonomic unit -the species -is delineated according to the geological and geochemical characteristics of parent rocks, and nine species are recognised within the region. On the basis of the landscape-geochemical map and the settlements map, forty types of settlement geosystems are identified according to their association with landscape-geochemical structures. Each type is assigned a code that enables correlation analysis between geochemical parameters and population health indicators, thereby providing a scientific foundation for environmental monitoring, rational land use, and sustainable regional development.
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